Solar, Hotter Than Ever

Solar, Hotter Than Ever Solar, Hotter Than Ever Solar, Hotter Than EverHowever cheap and effective todays solar cells may be, they dont yet take advantage of all the light that hits them. Solar thermal energy converters are an alternative to photovoltaic cells that have the potential to reach much higher efficiencies at much lower costs. Now researchers at the University of Bristol, UK, have found a new way to efficiently milk each sunray of its energy, bringing us one step closer to that potential.The trick is to not let the suns heat get away. When a surface gets hot, it starts losing heat immediately, through conduction, convection, and radiation. Put a material in a vacuum, though, and youve stymied conduction and convection of their heat-sapping powers. If you could find a way of preventing the radiation from getting out, says Martin Cryan, a professor of applied electromagnetics and photonics at Bristol, then youve got this object that, when you put all this solar energy in, it cant conduct it away, cant convect it way, and cant radiate it away, so it will get much, much hotter.To do that, Cryan and Ph.D. student Chenglong Wan created a three-layer sandwich with carbon in the center and gold on the outside. The combination acts the way a silver blanket does, minimizing heat otherwise lost through radiation. The surface is also a metamaterial. That is, its patterned using nanolithography, by Wan, to further reduce radiation loss in ways that seem somewhat unnatural. What weve created is a surface that looks black to the sun, but to all unterstellung other wavelengths it looks like a mirror, says Cryan. Thus, the majority of the energy that hits the sandwich is trapped inside.Focused ion beam fabricated trilayer metasurface within inset showing rounded features in the upper 2D gold square periodic surface. Image University of BristolThe technology could someday sit on the roofs of homes or other buildings. But to really start cooking it would require much h igher temperatures than those typically found there, somewhere in the neighborhood of 500-600 degrees Farenheit. To get that hot, though, the gold-carbon-gold sandwich would have to sit at the focus of a big parabolic dish, sucking up the rays from a much larger area.The triple decker is part of a larger project at the university, run by Dr. Neil Fox, to develop the field of Solar Thermionics. In essence, it attempts to capture the electrons given off when things get hot, and put them to use. The central carbon layer may help in the efficient emission of the electrons. The technology needs to be in a vacuum, so it would likely end up looking like a light bulb. The whole area may rescue an industry thats about to shut down, because no one wants incandescent light bulbs anymore, says Cryan. Putting things in a vacuum and getting electricity in and out of the vacuum is a very well-established technology.Currently, Cryan and his team are trying out materials that can withstand greater h eat. Gold gets soft at around 500 degrees and melts around 1,000 degrees. Cryan is hoping that nickel or nichrome can hit 1,000 degrees without much of a change. Later this year theyll bring their technology to India and test it on a huge parabolic mirror there that will take the temperature to such heights.While such a systema parabolic mirror focused on a light bulb-like objectcould some day sit on rooftops in sunny parts of the world, its not likely to replace photovoltaic cells anytime soon. But if youre in the middle of a desert in an isolated community, photovoltaics might not be the best option, says Cryan, as, ironically, when photovoltaic cells get really hot they dont work as well. But its a few years away yet.Michael Abrams is an independent writer.Learn about the latest energy solutions at the ASME Power Energy Conference. For Further DiscussionWhat weve created is a surface that looks black to the sun, but to all these other wavelengths it looks like a mirror.Chenglong Wan, University of Bristol